The diagnosis of all IVDD forms is based on imaging, with the imaging techniques evolving over the years.Įven though IVDD was first reported in a paraplegic Dachshund by Dexler in 1896, it was truly well-characterized by Olsson and Hansen in the early 1950s ( 3). Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) is the most common spinal cord disease of dogs, being responsible for 2.3–3.7% of admissions to veterinary hospitals ( 1, 2). The review focuses primarily on canine IVDH due to its frequency and vast literature as opposed to feline IVDH. The following review will provide a comprehensive overview on common imaging modalities reported to aid in the diagnosis of IVDH including IVDE, IVDP, ANNPE, HNPE, and IIVDE. Novel advanced imaging applications are being explored in dogs but are not yet routinely performed in clinical patients. Computed tomography with or without myelography and MRI is currently utilized most widely and have become the focus of most contemporary studies on this subject. Myelography addresses some of the constraints of survey radiographs but has largely been supplanted by cross-sectional imaging. While radiographs can provide useful information, especially for identifying intervertebral disc degeneration or calcification, there are notable limitations. Given how common IVDH is in dogs, a thorough understanding of the indications and limitations for each imaging modality to aid in diagnosis, treatment planning and prognosis is essential to successful case management. Many imaging techniques have been described in dogs with roles for survey radiographs, myelography, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). These include intervertebral disc extrusion (IVDE), intervertebral disc protrusion (IVDP) and more recently recognized forms such as acute non-compressive nucleus pulposus extrusion (ANNPE), hydrated nucleus pulposus extrusion (HNPE), and intradural/intramedullary intervertebral disc extrusion (IIVDE). Imaging is integral in the diagnosis of canine intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) and in differentiating subtypes of intervertebral disc herniation (IVDH). 4Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Hanover, Germany.3Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN, United States.2Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom.1Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.Lewis 3, Holger Volk 4 and the Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI) da Costa 1 *, Steven De Decker 2, Melissa J. Is it an obstructing tumor? Or a foreign body, or just some mucus.Ronaldo C. It will allow an accurate description of which part of which lung is involved.Ĭritically, CT is also very helpful to determine the likely cause. CT chestĪs with all chest imaging, CT will be more accurate. With no air left within the collapsed lobe, the density of the lung increases in that region and as described above, the volume decreases. As the volume decreases, the mediastinum is pulled towards the left side of the chest. For example, in left lower lobe collapse, the left lower lobe reduces in volume as air is resorbed from the alveoli. When this happens, we see structures on the chest x-ray in places that they should not be because of volume loss. In a lobar collapse, there is a complete collapse of one of the lobes in either lung. They give a good general assessment of the chest and will readily help identify collapse and consolidation. Rigid bronchoscopy to locate and remove a foreign bodyįlexible bronchoscopy for suspected cancer to allow biopsyĬhest x-rays are the primary method of the initial investigation because they are quick, cheap and relatively easy to perform. Iatrogenic: malpositioned endotracheal tubeīlood work for infection or possible cancerĪssess an obstructing or compressing cancer Neoplasia: lung cancer (an endobronchial tumor or external compression) If all gas is absorbed and obstruction is complete, a tiny wedge of pulmonary parenchyma remains weight loss and coughĬollapse occurs when the bronchus is obstructed Symptoms may relate to the underlying cause, e.g. ![]() More chronic collapse may remain asymptomatic Summaryīroad and dependent on the underlying causeĪcute presentations will likely result in breathlessness This is a summary article read more in our article on lobar collapse.
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